ࡱ> 796 bjbj $ wwwwwoooo {'))))))r^)w) ww>   "ww' '  ww :(:oR 'T0 r r  w oo =:   How to read and analyze scientific papers from the primary literature Your understanding will be facilitated by taking written notes Read each paper more than once; attend to the tables and figures (make sure you understand them all). TAKE NOTES (which I may collect from time to time) General things to consider: 1-define terms, concepts 2-examine hypotheses-what was the question 3-why were particular methods used given the above question 4-interpret graphs, tables 5-are interpretations of the data persuasive 6-summarize significant points 7-do next Introduction 1-what are the main questions 2-what background informs the questions 3-are there specific hypotheses (that indicate a direction) Materials and Methods 1-do the methods permit the authors to address their questions (THIS IS IMPORTANT!) 2-does the proposed analysis of the data make sense 3-understand the statistical and mathematical analyses (if appropriate, identify the dependent and independent variables) Results 1-what are the results (understand all figures & tables; attend to figure legends) 2-what are significant effects 3-do the methods permit the data reported Discussion 1-do the authors claim that their results support or do not support their hypotheses 2-how do they interpret their results 3-are their results (given the methods by which they collected their data and the way they analyzed their data) consistent with their interpretation? 4-are there other hypotheses that might be consistent with their results 5-are you persuaded by the authors conclusions-why or why not For each paper, include in your notes: 1-complete this sentence: The thesis of this paper is 2-what experiments would you DO NEXT? How to facilitate a paper discussion The facilitator should NOT lecture but rather encourage a lively discussion among the other students. The facilitator should feel at ease calling upon ANYONE in the class to explain, or disagree, or define, or justify, etc. (THIS IS DIFFICULT BUT THE FACILITATOR MUST DO IT). Use the things to consider above. Maketransparencies or ppt slides of figures, tables, photos, etc. Hints for all of us DO: -participate in the discussion of every paper -come to class sufficiently prepared to facilitate whether its your turn or not -LISTEN TO OTHERS -ask questions -agree or disagree -encourage others AVOID: -dominating the conversation -withdrawing from the conversation -interrupting others -getting side-tracked -putting others down  ! " = 1 =  $%(MOQ>QRb '6d h$5\h0 hzhzh$hzhz>*hlqhhhh>* hh>* hz>*hzhzhh5hh hh5\;FG" 0 1 > \ - a 7 V  %":p=/ =!"#$%666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~ OJPJQJ_HmH nH sH tH H`H hLNormal CJOJQJ_HaJmH sH tH DA D Default Paragraph FontRiR Table Normal4 l4a (k ( No List PK!K[Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢]yl#!MB;BQޏaLSWyҟ^@ Lz]__CdR{`L=r85v&mQ뉑8ICX=H"Z=&JCjwA`.Â?U~YkG/̷x3%o3t\&@w!H'"v0PK!֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PK!\theme/theme/theme1.xmlYOoE#F{o'NDuر i-q;N3' G$$DAč*iEP~wq4;{o?g^;N:$BR64Mvsi-@R4Œ mUb V*XX! cyg$w.Q "@oWL8*Bycjđ0蠦r,[LC9VbX*x_yuoBL͐u_. DKfN1엓:+ۥ~`jn[Zp֖zg,tV@bW/Oټl6Ws[R?S֒7 _כ[֪7 _w]ŌShN'^Bxk_[dC]zOլ\K=.:@MgdCf/o\ycB95B24S CEL|gO'sקo>W=n#p̰ZN|ӪV:8z1f؃k;ڇcp7#z8]Y / \{t\}}spķ=ʠoRVL3N(B<|ݥuK>P.EMLhɦM .co;əmr"*0#̡=6Kր0i1;$P0!YݩjbiXJB5IgAФ޲a6{P g֢)҉-Ìq8RmcWyXg/u]6Q_Ê5H Z2PU]Ǽ"GGFbCSOD%,p 6ޚwq̲R_gJS֣9)嗛(:/ak;6j11太x~<:ɮ>O&kNa4dht\?J&l O٠NRpwhpse)tp)af] 27n}mk]\S,+a2g^Az )˙>E G鿰L7)'PK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-!K[Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 1_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!\theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]  FG"01>\-a7V%  0000000000000000000000000000000    UX a  :::::=@ @@UnknownGTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial7Cambria 1hʣU 4d@@H?'h0" Betsy Sherman Betsy Sherman Oh+'0T   , 8 DPX`hp'Betsy Sherman Normal.dotmBetsy Sherman2Microsoft Word 12.1.1@ @"C5@&:UGPICTb HHb bHH [bb !! Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ ƢGww{{{{w{{{{{ VF1VNs^Rg9ZNsNskZNs*ZRNsRZNssJRVZJRBNsRg9RJRNsVV^ZRJRg9BNskZJR^F1JRR^^VF1ZRBVRZ[{w{ww{w{wwsww{wo{wg9ww{w{ww{g9{w{w{ Ƣ Ƣqco{wkZkZ^skZg9o{kZcco{o{sg9VkZg9w^o{cVkZco{kZwkZkZg9g9kZwkZkZ^kZo{so{o{kZo{{so{g9ZZ{V*cg9VZZV^VNso{ZVo{Vo{cR^VcVZVo{^g9g9VVZF1o{ZkZZg9VccV^^kZ Ƣ ƢOs{www{wwwwws{{cZVRkZZVRkZZRRccRVZg9VkZVRZwZRcZkZVVsRRVZkZNsZg9ZVVZZkZ^VNsZo{VR^sZZkZe{s{w {s{{w{{w{{{{ws{{{{;g9ZZg9c^ZckZVcg9^g9ccZZNs^NssNsZVZJRNskZg9Z^kZZkZo{^ckZkZcZg9cwVc^o{^^csckZc^^kZnwwswsw {w{sws{{{wsw{w{{wsww{w{w{w{wwwws{ Ƣ Ƣ6swso{sg9ssw{s{wswskZsw7^JRRJRVJRZRNsJRJR^NsZRNsJRNskZ5so{skZw{wwsw{{w{ws{3so{Zcc^o{^co{kZc^cRcg95s{w{ww{MkZo{ZZVRkZZV^RZo{V kZVZZg9V^^R^RZVc{s{{m+kZs^Zg9sg9cco{c^cg9cc^o{cg9VcZcs^g9Zsg9cco{VcwZZg9g9wc^g9csa{{ws{sws{wwsw{swso{s{s{ww{sw{w{kZssw{0g9{g9kZ wg9kZkZcs{g9cg9kZ5o{{kZg9o{kZsZkZckZo{wg9o{kZo{{HkZwswswo{ww{wo{g9w{o{sw{wsws{{Iso{Zg9o{cZg9ckZcsccs^Z^kZcg9c^^g9co{?w{{ww{ws{w{{kZw{{w{{ws{7g9kZ^Z^Z^^o{cZ^Vo{Z^g9!s{w{so{Nsg9V^^g9 Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ# kZkZg9o{g9o{kZo{o{s!cRVVRVVg9=s{kZ{w{w{kZ{{w{sw{wsww{=sw^c^o{^^scZo{^c^o{ZVcg9^cZG o{{s{ss{s{wo{{ o{{{{w{{K o{sZZ^o{ZVZ^V^Z o{Z^ZZ^sZVkZVZ^Vg9Gw{{{s{{sw{{g+kZo{R^g9V^VsVZ^g9Zcc^ZZRZZ^g9kZRRg9^ZVcZRo{kZVZ^^Z^^kZE{s{ws{{{{{{ Ƣ Ƣ1 g9g9o{kZo{kZkZ{o{o{kZg9csg9w/ cVNsRZJRV^NsRZZVR^wo{{o{{w{ws{o{{{w{swo{{kZ{w{w{{o{o{{wo{w{s{skZg9o{o{skZso{o{ckZkZo{o{so{o{g9wo{o{VkZc^s^Zg9VZ^sVVg9^^o{Zg9^$g9ckZcZZ^^g9o{ZZkZkZVZc^^Zo{o{kZVkZckZ^o{cg9g9cZsg9ckZo{Ksss{ww{wwss{w{_'kZo{RZ^kZZRg9VZRZZVkZZRVccVo{Zo{VZkZVVcVZRZo{ZZV^Uw{{{s{{{{{{w{w{kZsZVV^cVVRg9Vco{ZVc^ZZkZcZZkZZRVcZ^Z o{^ZZ^g9Zo{^kZ^Z ^Vc^RVZg9g9^Vo{B{{{{{ w{{w{{ss{s{Ig9g9ckZc^g9cwg9g9kZc^kZckZc^g9cso{g9g9ZZkZg9?so{g9so{wo{o{wo{kZo{g9so{{so{so{o{ Ƣ Ƣss{{o{^ZVVZcokZssg9sssw{wwwwssww{wsw{{o{wVVZkZVRo{VRkZZ^VVg9ZVVRZRRVVo{Zo{VRZkZRkZVZVZwZVRRcZkZcRR^g9^ZRVRZkZ;w{{w{{sww{=o{sZZckZcZs^c^ZckZ^ZkZg9Vc^s9w{w{ww{g9ww{ww{w{{Mg9s^scg9wg9kZg9ZkZ^wg9g9kZg9co{Zs^o{g9wg9kZc^K wkZwso{wo{kZso{wg9kZso{o{wo{so{wo{g9o{skZo{ Ƣ Ƣss{޶kZVcVZVkZQkZkZckZckZswwwwww{wwo{o{Rg9ZVo{VRVVZccVZRcRNsg9VV^g9ZZV o{VRRZRo{Vo{RkZVZkZZNsRZVg9^RZg9VcRZRVZ^c9{{{{ww{w{wCo{o{Vg9^sZsV^cs^Zc^kZZg9^o{cZo{Csw{ wwsswwso{{s{w{w{sw{;g9wg9kZo{^o{g9skZo{kZcsg9g9o{o{kZo{^skZkZg9^o{cs^o{wo{cg9^s^o{o{so{Zo{sg9ckZ^o{g9wcg9o{o{kZcsco{g9{ZkZkZ{wwg9swkZo{o{wso{kZo{wg9cwso{wkZso{ kZso{o{wwo{kZo{wkZo{o{so{kZkZso{wkZ o{o{kZwo{o{wo{g9{o{kZkZcwswkZswkZwkZwo{{kZss{wswsswswwo{g9wkZwo{wso{so{wo{wso{a%g9cc^kZg9cscg9co{^cg9kZg9g9^g9cg9cw^g9cscg9csccg9^g9g9c{Kwwswswww{wwsuco{Ns^kZV^Vo{ZRRccZV!ZcZVRkZVZVVkZVkZ^VVZV^Ro{VZZg9VZVkZZ^ZRg9Cww{o{wwws{ww{s1g9o{Ns^o{^ZkZVRZVZRVcVckZR^^VRVV^^ZNsZVcZVRkZ^VckZVo{cRg9ZZg9){www{ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ ƢE o{sw{wwkZwws{w o{wo{ws{{ws{wswwI^VRVJRVNsVBJRRV^NsVNsJRF1ZNs^RNsNsZJRNsJRc7ww{w{kZsww{wc o{o{ZVVRZZ^cVVo{VZRZwkZZZkZVZVcg9^kZVRkZZRRcg9g9{w{=s{w{{wwsw{swswS!kZsVRZg9^ZRV^VRVVo{VZVVg9g9ZZg9Rcs^VckZo{s{{w Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ Ƣ w ՜.+,0 hp  'Ź College   Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-/0123458Root Entry F(::1TablerWordDocument$SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8.CompObj` F Microsoft Word 97-2004 DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8